Ini dia postingan yang lebih jelas mengenai Mount Rushmore. Di hari Senin pagi tanggal 7 Juli 2014, di saat mendung mula-mula menggantung lalu pergi, di saat pengunjung monumen nasional yang juga ikon US ini dari sedikit menjadi banyak, kami menikmati pahatan indah sang maestro Gutzon Borglum di depan kami. Dari tempat kami berdiri, kami berada di plaza utama lokasi piknik ini, kami memandang wajah keempat presiden US yang diabadikan dalam bentuk pahatan. Menurut catatan wikipedia, kondisi geologis kompleks pegunun
gan ini adalah sbb: Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Harney Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, roughly 1.6 billion years ago. Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents. The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago. The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome. Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does 
remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington. The tallest mountain in the region is Harney Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (25 mm) every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure. The mountain's height of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. Karena kondisi alam yang seperti ini, pengerjaan proyek besar ini tentu tidak melulu menggunakan tenaga manual melainkan dengan bantuan dinamit. Dinamit? Ya ... Dinamit yang kita tahu merupakan bahan peledak. Dalam video yang kami tonton (dan juga flyer yang kami baca), proses pemahatan wajah keempat presiden US di pegunungan ini sudah pasti didahului dengan riset yang lumayan lama sebelum hasilnya kita lihat seperti
saat ini. Sejarah pengerjaan proyek ini (yang kami tonton di video), disebutkan sebagai berikut dalam wikipedia: Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as Six Grandfathers, the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927, and ended in 1941 with no fatalities. As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Harney Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section "Controversy" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keys
tone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis. Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas-relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there. The original plan was to perform the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline." Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925. President Coolidge insisted that, along with Washington, two Republicans and one Democrat be portrayed. Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the
colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left. In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time. In 1939, the face of T
heodore Roosevelt was dedicated. The Sculptor's Studio — a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting — was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist, but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from Alaska to Texas to the Panama Canal Zone. The entire project cost US$989,992.32. Notable for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving. On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essa
y was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore. In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance-way to a planned "Hall of Records"; the vault was installed in 1998. Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, on July 8, 2005, Alfred Kärcher GmbH, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over 200 °F (93 °C). Wow ...
Panjang sekali kan sejarah pembuatan monumen nasional ini? Pastinya proyek ambisius sebesar ini diselesaikan dalam jangka waktu lumayan lama dan juga dengan dana yang besarnya tak terkira. Dalam salah satu koleksi museum yang ada di lantai dasar monumen ini, kami melihat catatan/pembukuan dana yang terkumpul baik dari organisasi maupun dari individu. Siswa di sekolah menyumbangkan dana (semampu mereka) demi suksesnya proyek ini. Saat melihat dan membaca semua cerita di balik proyek megah ini terbersit rasa kagum pada penduduk South Dakota yang sedemikian antusias memberikan dukungan pada proyek ambisius ini. Hasil nyata proyek ini pun akhirnya bisa dinikmati sampai sekarang, dimana lokasi monumen ini menjadi lokasi pariwisata yang terkenal di negara ini. Banyak pengunjung datang dan berwisata disini. Penduduk lokal pun senang dan roda ekonomi menjadi berputar lancar karenanya. Sang pencetus ide ini tentu juga bangga melihat ambisinya menjadi karya monumental yang abadi sepanjang masa ... Yuk simak gamba
r-gambar yang diposting mama disini, termasuk ketika aku dan mama ikut mengantri membeli souvenir di depan gift soft dengan harga miring alias diskon hehehe ... Ya ... Selama sekitar 2,5 jam berada di monumen ini, kami merasa beruntung karena mendung sempat pergi sebelum datang kembali hehehe ... Bahkan, hujan rintik sempat turun sebentar di sela-sela kunjungan kami. Di saat hujan rintik datang, kami kemudian menuju ke ground floor area piknik ini untuk menonton video pembuatan mahakarya di Mount Rushmore dan juga melihat koleksi museum yang ada disini. Tepat jam 10.30, mama mengajak kami meninggalkan lokasi piknik ini. Kata mama, kami masih bisa memilih satu lokasi piknik lagi, sebelum kami berangkat menuju state lain hari ini. Dengan membawa tas berisi belanjaan dan juga kamera yang penuh dengan gambar di Mount Rushmore, kami bertiga kemudian menuju ke parking lot dan bersiap menuju lokasi piknik berikutnya ... Bye Mount Rushmore ... So happy to visit you ...
gan ini adalah sbb: Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Harney Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, roughly 1.6 billion years ago. Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents. The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago. The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome. Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington. The tallest mountain in the region is Harney Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (25 mm) every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure. The mountain's height of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. Karena kondisi alam yang seperti ini, pengerjaan proyek besar ini tentu tidak melulu menggunakan tenaga manual melainkan dengan bantuan dinamit. Dinamit? Ya ... Dinamit yang kita tahu merupakan bahan peledak. Dalam video yang kami tonton (dan juga flyer yang kami baca), proses pemahatan wajah keempat presiden US di pegunungan ini sudah pasti didahului dengan riset yang lumayan lama sebelum hasilnya kita lihat seperti saat ini. Sejarah pengerjaan proyek ini (yang kami tonton di video), disebutkan sebagai berikut dalam wikipedia: Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as Six Grandfathers, the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927, and ended in 1941 with no fatalities. As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Harney Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section "Controversy" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis. Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas-relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there. The original plan was to perform the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline." Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925. President Coolidge insisted that, along with Washington, two Republicans and one Democrat be portrayed. Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left. In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time. In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated. The Sculptor's Studio — a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting — was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist, but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from Alaska to Texas to the Panama Canal Zone. The entire project cost US$989,992.32. Notable for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving. On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore. In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance-way to a planned "Hall of Records"; the vault was installed in 1998. Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, on July 8, 2005, Alfred Kärcher GmbH, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over 200 °F (93 °C). Wow ... Panjang sekali kan sejarah pembuatan monumen nasional ini? Pastinya proyek ambisius sebesar ini diselesaikan dalam jangka waktu lumayan lama dan juga dengan dana yang besarnya tak terkira. Dalam salah satu koleksi museum yang ada di lantai dasar monumen ini, kami melihat catatan/pembukuan dana yang terkumpul baik dari organisasi maupun dari individu. Siswa di sekolah menyumbangkan dana (semampu mereka) demi suksesnya proyek ini. Saat melihat dan membaca semua cerita di balik proyek megah ini terbersit rasa kagum pada penduduk South Dakota yang sedemikian antusias memberikan dukungan pada proyek ambisius ini. Hasil nyata proyek ini pun akhirnya bisa dinikmati sampai sekarang, dimana lokasi monumen ini menjadi lokasi pariwisata yang terkenal di negara ini. Banyak pengunjung datang dan berwisata disini. Penduduk lokal pun senang dan roda ekonomi menjadi berputar lancar karenanya. Sang pencetus ide ini tentu juga bangga melihat ambisinya menjadi karya monumental yang abadi sepanjang masa ... Yuk simak gambar-gambar yang diposting mama disini, termasuk ketika aku dan mama ikut mengantri membeli souvenir di depan gift soft dengan harga miring alias diskon hehehe ... Ya ... Selama sekitar 2,5 jam berada di monumen ini, kami merasa beruntung karena mendung sempat pergi sebelum datang kembali hehehe ... Bahkan, hujan rintik sempat turun sebentar di sela-sela kunjungan kami. Di saat hujan rintik datang, kami kemudian menuju ke ground floor area piknik ini untuk menonton video pembuatan mahakarya di Mount Rushmore dan juga melihat koleksi museum yang ada disini. Tepat jam 10.30, mama mengajak kami meninggalkan lokasi piknik ini. Kata mama, kami masih bisa memilih satu lokasi piknik lagi, sebelum kami berangkat menuju state lain hari ini. Dengan membawa tas berisi belanjaan dan juga kamera yang penuh dengan gambar di Mount Rushmore, kami bertiga kemudian menuju ke parking lot dan bersiap menuju lokasi piknik berikutnya ... Bye Mount Rushmore ... So happy to visit you ... 
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